Panels 6-10

Panel 6: Chinese Language and Chineseness

 

Bilingualism for Everyone? Chinese Bilingual Program Debates in Metro Vancouver

Ai Mizuta

The UniversIty of British Columbia

Within the complex context of English language dominance and multiculturalism policy, Chinese language education is at a remarkable moment in Vancouver where history, politics and the economy are intertwined with demographic changes. Despite the long history of Chinese immigration in British Columbia, it was not until recently that the school boards introduced early start Chinese bilingual programs in Metro Vancouver. However, there has been a large gap in responsiveness of school boards to English-speaking households in contrast to Chinese-speaking households.

This paper examines the discourse of parents’ group that advocated for English speakers only program, public debates, the program policies, as well as parents’ narratives from both English and Chinese speaking background regarding Chinese language education in Vancouver.

The analysis reveals the desirability of Mandarin language use as an added value for English speakers, creating an idealized bilingual Mandarin/English speaker whose mother tongue is English. However, at the same time, they carefully excluded from the proposed program any kindergarten age children whose mother tongue is Mandarin.

The parents group even positions Mandarin speakers as the other to whom their children will speak, but outcasts from their program as those who should learn English only, and those who should learn Chinese at heritage language schools. However, the narratives of Chinese speaking parents show their struggles in raising their children with Chinese fluency through the existing system such as heritage language schools. Although this double tongued discourse that idealizes multilingualism for English speakers while simultaneously devaluing the multilingualism of ESL speakers has been a common discursive feature in the debates about heritage language education in Canada (Cummins, 1996; Cummins & Danesi, 1990), the target language being Chinese adds further complexity to this discourse in Vancouver.

Vancouver, a city that was built both upon white supremacy and a long history of Chinese immigration (Roy, 1989), is now experiencing the increasing importance of the economy of China as well as Chinese culture and language. The challenge of adjustment to the new economic and sociopolitical reality and aspirations to become the Asia-Pacific Gateway of North America, however, is confounded by a colonial legacy that is still ubiquitous in today’s Vancouver (Stanley, 2009). Chinese language education is a particularly revealing site where we can see the conflict between past and future. It is crucial to understand today’s issues regarding Chinese language education as part of the historical patterns of Chinese Canadians and bilingual education in Canada.

 

The “Intent” of Mandarin Bilingual Programs in the Public Schools of British Columbia: A Discourse Analysis in the Context of Ethnic Chinese Immigrants’ Heritage Language Maintenance

Caroline Locher-Lo 羅仲萱

The University of British Columbia

This paper intends to explore the intent of the Mandarin Bilingual Programs implemented in many school districts around British Columbia (B.C.).

In the past decades, Canada has witnessed a growing public awareness of multiculturalism, a trend towards globalization, and the reversal of East and West power relations. However, aside from the dominant language programs i.e. French Immersion, few minority language programs, such as Mandarin Bilingual Program and Mandarin Immersion Program, have emerged in the Vancouver, Burnaby and Coquitlam School Districts of British Columbia since September 2010 (School District 39, 41 and 43 official websites).

Despite the encouraging tendency towards newly developed Mandarin Programs in an English dominant culture, the language used to articulate the program details on the official school websites raises questions on their intentions for establishing such programs. One may wonder whether or not establishing Mandarin Bilingual and Immersion Programs has to do with governmental assistance, enhancement or support for ethnic Chinese immigrants in maintaining their heritage language in the dominant culture of a contemporary and multicultural society such as B.C. This paper will analyze the wording, phrases, and graphics of the official information on the Mandarin Immersion Programs online and in print. It may shed light on the intent and intended learners of Mandarin Programs in British Columbia.

To provide the readers with a broader comprehension and appreciation of the paper’s “plot”, the article will set up the “theme” with a historical background of immigrants’ efforts and struggles to maintain their heritage languages in the midst of the dominant culture’s assimilation process. The recent immigrant wave, demographic makeup of Western Canada, economic significance of infused Chinese populations in British Columbia, and the B.C. China Agreement in 2008, which brought free mandarin courses to public schools, will also be addressed.

 

Who Speaks for China? Translating Geopolitics Through Language Institutes in Costa Rica

Monica Dehart

University of Puget Sound

In 2004, Ilien Kuo, a Taiwanese-born, U.S.-educated Costa Rican founded a Chinese language academy in San Jose, Costa Rica in response to a growing interest in Chinese language and culture by a Costa Rican business class synced to the pulse of the global economy.  Given her mainly foreign clientele, she named her school the “Confucian Institute” in honor of what she described as the “most well-known figure in China.”  However, these Costa Rican professionals were not the only ones to recognize China’s rising economic importance and, in 2007, Costa Rica became the only Central American nation to break its longstanding political alliance with Taiwan to establish diplomatic relations with the Peoples’ Republic of China.  One of the fruits of that new relationship was China’s installation of a state-sponsored Confucian Institute at the University of Costa Rica.  A protracted legal battle ensued over who could claim rights to the title of “Confucian Institute”—the private school owned by a diasporic businesswoman with roots in Taiwan or the Chinese state-sponsored institute supported by Beijing. While the Chinese state eventually triumphed, forcing Ms. Kuo to rename her language academy, this case provides a provocative example of how debates over language can index a shifting geopolitics and its impact on the relationship between the Chinese state and overseas Chinese.  In particular, it highlights the growing importance of standard Mandarin Chinese (putonghua 普通话) as a valued cultural commodity among both native Costa Ricans and diasporic Chinese communities within Central America, despite the ongoing prominence of Cantonese as the vernacular language of the Chinese communities there. While the increasing value of putonghua can be linked to opportunities for economic and symbolic capital increasingly associated with mainland China, this paper explores how this changing geopolitics has impacted the competing forms of authority mobilized to legitimize Chinese language and cultural instruction in Costa Rica.  Specifically, I explore how gender, class, and generational differences structure who can legitimately translate Chinese identity and cultural capital into linguistic authority and, thereby, speak on behalf of Chineseness in Costa Rica.

 

Why There is no Cantonese in Taiwan?  

Chih-I Liao

Monash University

Cantonese is the majority language in Hong Kong, it is lingua franca in Guangdong Province and its neighbouring regions.  Cantonese is also the common language in the Chinese communities across Southeast Asia. Sim (2012) indicated that the rise of the Hong Kong entertainment industry in the mid-1970s attracted more Cantonese speakers from the Malaysian Chinese communities. Other minor Chinese dialects exist, for example in Kuala Lumpur but these appear to shift to Cantonese or Mandarin after language realignment (Wang, 2010). The Australia Bureau of Statistics listed the top ten languages spoken at home in 2011: Cantonese ranked fifth after English, Mandarin, Arabic and Italian. In 2011 in Canada there were nearly 300,000 Canadian residents who reported Cantonese as their mother tongue. In other words, not only in southeast China but also across international Chinese diasporic communities Cantonese dominates.

In Taiwan, three Chinese languages are widely spoken: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka. Mandarin has been nominated as the national and education language since 1945, Hokkien and Hakka are the heritage languages used by Hokkien and Hakka ethnic group respectively (Yah, Chan and Cheng, 2004). Hokkien and Hakka people are mostly from Guangdong province of China, which is the main area where Cantonese is spoken. Historically the earliest Chinese immigrants to Taiwan were Cantonese, Hokkien, and Hakka, however, in modern Taiwan, the Cantonese language no longer survives.

This study covers two issues: (1) the history of Cantonese immigration (2) the factors influencing Cantonese language shift. The themes identified included the influence of the population of each group, the mass media and the language policy in Taiwan. This study will employ ethnographic linguistic methodology which takes an epistemological position broadly aligned with a social constructivist and post-structuralist approach by critiquing essentialist accounts of social life (Creese, 2008; Rampton, 2007).

 

Who Needs Cantonese? Who Speaks? A Migratory Perspective From 粵北(Northern Guangdong)

Yao Xiao

The University of British Columbia

I write this paper to ask critically, and to evoke reflexive ways of answering, the two questions as the title suggests, especially about the political consciousness, identification, and strategic uses of Cantonese-ness. From a Cantonese-Hakka family with deep roots and still living in rural mountainous regions of 粵北(northern Guangdong) yet imbricated in a migration history with extended relatives in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Australia, USA, I commit a perspective to give voices, which are ambivalent (Bhabha, 1994) yet different from the often centring voices of Pearl River Delta Cantonese, Hong Kong Cantonese, and diasporic Cantonese in developed, industrialized countries. This perspective is migratory because it traces my routes, movements, and experiences of Cantonese-ness, from farming villages, towns, and industrial cities in Guangdong, China, to a privileged, globalized city of Vancouver in Canada. This perspective is from粵北 northern Guangdong, where I was born and grew up until I had the opportunities to receive more education in Pearl River Delta and further in Canada. There in粵北, I lived with my family in inland mountainous areas, with a substantial mix of non-Han Chinese population, with different mixing of Cantonese, Hakka, and other languages. There in粵北, I witnessed real issues of poverty, corruption, and urbanization pressures. This migratory perspective is not just of but from 粵北, which means a spatial analysis of connections, tensions, and changes across regional and national borders, beyond the fixity of particular local contexts (Ang, 1993, 2001; Ong, 1999; Ong & Nonini, 1997), and at the same time with a cultural analysis of deep affective experiences and structures of feeling (Ahmed, 2004; Williams, 1961, 1973). Who needs Cantonese? Who speaks? I approach the questions and support this migratory perspective with a mix of resources, voices, and experiences. First, my personal, lived relationships to the uneven receiving, making, and articulating of Cantonese-ness, through my migratory experiences, through written, told, and shared family stories, and through my own witnessing of material unevenness and injustice, such as the exotic tourism and development of lands in a small Cantonese town in northern Guangdong with patrons and investors from Pearl River Delta cities, Hong Kong, and even overseas Cantonese. Second, the intellectualized aspect of Cantonese issues, based on two different research projects – one about the lived experience of migrant workers’ children in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong, another about the life histories of community activists with Hong Kong Cantonese backgrounds, in the suburban Vancouver of Richmond. Third, the community praxis based on my involvement in Guangdong as well as Vancouver. Especially in issues around urbanization, Chinatown housing, intergenerational interactions, and intercultural communication, this community aspect shows the contrasts, changes, and tensions in the mix of naming, silencing, and articulating of Cantonese-ness in grassroots contexts and around social justice issues.


Panel 7: 语言,认同,文学及艺术/Language, Identities, Literature and the Arts

 

馬來西亞華裔路名和中文路牌

Ai Boay Tan 陳愛梅

拉曼大学

這篇論文主要探討馬來西亞的華裔路名,以及中文路牌在馬來西亞的使用。馬來西亞各地都有以華裔為主的路名,這視為華人在馬來西亞的貢獻受到官方認同的具體表現。這篇論文志於整理、歸納馬來西亞各州華裔路名的屬性,並嘗試探索已消失的華裔路名。大部份的華裔路名只有名字的方言拼音,而沒有中文路牌。馬來西亞地方政府安置的中文路牌僅於檳城的喬治巿,以及砂勞越的古晉和詩巫。檳城中文路名獨具特色,大部份與官方的馬來文命名不同,從中文路名中可窺見百餘年前的巿景面貌;砂勞越的中文路牌雖然與馬來文相似之居多,卻又展現出無限的創意。透過這項研究,本文希望探究華人在馬來西亞的地位,從中文路名中透露了華人民間對自身語言的堅持和韌性。

 

華人數位女性藝術的「同途殊歸」

Ying-ying Chien 簡瑛瑛

Ethan Lin 林昱辰

國立臺灣師範大學

本文試圖從不同地緣從事數位藝術創作的華人女性藝術家以及她們的數位藝術作品探討華人數位女性主義的人文關懷與發展,其中包括被譽為「華人錄像藝術之母」,活躍於西方藝壇的洪素真、常年運用網路科技媒體探討性別政治與虛擬感知的台美藝術家鄭淑麗(Cheang Shu-lea)、於香港城市大學擔任教職的藝術家文晶瑩(Phoebe Man),以及被媒體視為中國青年文化、及次文化代表的曹斐為代表。

網際網路發展至今,已使數位女性主義(Cyberfeminism)得以運用此空間/工具來發聲企圖反制性暴力,諸如強暴、亂倫、慰安婦、外籍新娘、虐童、以及色情網站中的移民影像等問題,皆是數位空間裡積極揭露的性別、族群、階級等相關議題。上述幾位女性數位藝術家透過線上即時作品的展示,在國際間造成的震撼直接使得攸關華人/亞裔女性的議題得以曝光,同時也成就過去女性藝術未能達到的正面影響力。本文擬透過分析討論這些從不同地理位置發聲,卻同樣將作品建基於網際網路上的藝術家之創作,探求所謂「華人數位女性主義」的可能性,檢視這些作品在同是建構於數位空間之前提下,如何能從網路文化實驗到跨越華人地理疆界,連結跨越領域受眾的共同性以及藝術家個別議題關懷的差異性,雖「同途」而卻能跨越地理為各自創作的地域所關懷的不同議題而發聲之。

 

論星洲四才子的舊體詩創作

Bing Wang 王兵

南洋理工大學國立教育學院

19世紀中葉至20世紀中葉,新加坡先後湧現出若干位既有創作才情,又具社會道義的文壇巨擘,葉季允(1859-1921)、釋瑞於(1867-1953)、邱菽園(1874-1941)和李俊承(1888-1966)堪稱其中的傑出代表,合稱“星洲四才子”。葉季允是傑出的報章主筆,釋瑞於是都城隍廟的住持,邱菽園集文人、商人和報人身份於一體,李俊承則為商界、佛教界和華社等領域的領袖。儘管身份各異,但是創作舊體詩卻是他們共同的喜好。而將其並列研究,更緣於四才子之舊體詩創作具備三個共同特征:首先,就創作動機和目的而言,四才子之舊體詩充分發揮了詩歌“興觀群怨”的綜合職能,在體物抒情的同時,強調詩歌在維繫同道情誼和關註社會現實等方面的作用;其次,就創作內容和藝術而言,題材多樣,眾體兼具。關註新事物,試驗新寫法;就創作成就和影響而言,四才子作為星洲文化先驅,其舊體詩創作在形塑新加坡本土文學傳統以及身份認同中居功至偉。

 

文化身份认同与北美“新移民文学”若干问题的再思考

Nanchuan Zheng 郑南川

加拿大魁北克华人作家协会

“新移民文学”在世界华人文学中,不能代表文学存在和发展的整体和分期;北美“新移民文学”只是“阶段性”文学发展的标志,对地域移民文学研究有一定的帮助,它呈现出多样化和交错复杂的文化“内涵”,阶段的划定也具有重叠复合的特征。“世界华人文学”概括了移民文学的总体范围和地域界限,可以视为移民文学的基本概念。文化身份认同的构建,受到主客观因素的直接影响,决定和代表着北美“新移民文学”发展的走向。本文结合作者本人的写作实践展开论述。

 

印尼“姨娘文学”与华人女性的身份认同——以《孔红娘夫人》为例

Yue Pan 潘玥

中山大学

“土生印欧人”(Orang Indo)的历史最早可追溯至1596年,是指那些欧洲白人父亲与印尼亚裔母亲结合所生的孩子。他们的母亲称为“姨娘”(Nyai)。他们在社会中处于一个“不上不下”的尴尬地位,既不被纯种白人认可,原住民社会又把他们视之为比自己地位高的“欧洲人”而疏远他们。他们对白人社会充满了“疏离感”,但绝大多数土生印欧人又希望挤进“欧洲人”的行列,避免社会不公。长期被歧视的社会现实以及他们纠结的自我认同,造成了他们矛盾和特殊的文化心态。于是,兴起了土生印欧人文学。其中,以“姨娘文学”最有代表性。而戈墨尔(H·Kommer)的《孔红娘夫人》(Njonja Kong Hong Nio)是其中最特别、最值得研究的文本。《孔红娘夫人》改编自真人真事,属于为数不多获得合法婚姻关系的华人“姨娘”。小说对孔红娘性格和心理的刻画,展现了当时的社会矛盾,也从一个侧面反映了印尼华人女性的生存状态与身份认同。印尼华人女性的善良与坚强,与原住民的贪婪和狡猾,形成了鲜明的对比。这也产生了一个问题,印尼华人女性是应该“同流合污”以融入社会,还是坚持自我而被疏离?这是本文尝试回答的主要问题。


Panel 8: 社会发展与身份建构/Social Development and Identity Construction

 

海外华人在“一带一路”建设中的作用

Yong Fang 方勇

中国社会科学院

习近平主席提出的“一带一路”的战略构想,不仅是一项惠及“一带一路”沿线几十个国家和地区的重大决策,而且是惠及中国和丝绸之路沿线国家和地区的共赢工程。它将为丝绸之路沿线地区和广大居民,包括海外华侨华人提供难得的发展机遇,促使古老的丝绸之路重新焕发蓬勃生机。“一带一路”的实施和建设,需要利用各方面的有利条件和动员各方面的力量,作为中国独特资源的海外华侨华人,他们因自身各种优势在“一带一路”战略的实施过程中将扮演纽带和桥梁的作用。该文从政治、经济和文化三个层面,阐述海外华人将发挥独特的作用,形成中国、海外华侨华人和住在国三方共赢的局面。

 

海外移民与侨乡社会发展——以闽东侨乡牛宅村为例

Shaocong Zeng 曾少聪

Li Shanlong 李善龙

中国社会科学院

侨乡研究是国际移民研究的一个重要领域,而海外移民与侨乡的关系,又是侨乡研究的重要内容。本文以闽东侨乡牛宅村为个案,探讨海外移民与祖籍地之间的互动,阐释海外移民对侨乡经济、社会和文化发展的影响。自改革开放以来,牛仔村的海外移民与祖籍地的互动日益活跃,他们纷纷回乡省亲、祭祖、捐钱捐物,投资建设投资,对祖籍地社会、经济和文化产生了重大的影响。不过,从海外移民创办牛宅工业村,为牛宅人提供了一定的就业机会,却未能推动牛宅村的经济转型与全面发展来看,海外移民对牛宅村的贡献,更多是停留在“输血”层面,没有完成“造血”的功能。

 

境外的言说——加拿大华人电影导演初探

Xi Chen 陈希

华南理工大学

2015年中国电影史学会主题为“世界反法西斯战争与中国电影”的学术年会刚刚结束,围绕“华语电影”“主体性”的学术论争跨越了内地、北美、香港等地却从未停止过。然而,实际上,学术界对现象的理论性界定与现象的发生之间存在的滞后性,把一群独特身份的影像创作者置于模糊之境。在加拿大,有这样一群华人电影导演,他们身处海外,在电影创作上的选题依旧关注国内。

范立新和李珞都是在海外获得国际电影奖项的加拿大华人导演,他们关注国内题材,讲述华人的故事。但是,他们在加拿大所处的境况却不尽相同,范立新获得不少加拿大官方资助拍摄国内、华人题材的,而李珞基本上被冠以独立电影导演,而除了在选题、叙事、影像、风格等方面相异,前者大多是对国内现实的反映与反思,如:《归途列车》,而后者则大多透露出对中国传统文化的怀思,如:《唐皇游地府》。

有趣的是,以上讨论的这二位华人导演在所处之境(加拿大)既是文化他者,而对于其原有文化的母体(中国)而言却再度被他者化,这种游离于两种文化体系之间却执着于发声的形式尤为独特。这些通过电影影像在海外发出的“声音”,是立于文化母体之外的客观反思或文化缅怀,还是因身处海外而发出的自我身份拷问与追寻?值得探思。

 

从“印尼村”现象看华侨农场归难侨的文化再适应

Xiulei Hu 胡修雷

中国华侨华人历史研究所

“印尼村”是一些华侨农场建立的汇集带有印尼风情的饮食、舞蹈、建筑等村落的统称,这些村落的显著特点是归难侨把他们在侨居国的记忆再现在华侨农场。从文化适应的角度看,这些华侨归国后的文化再适应并没有回归传统的中国文化,而是强调他们旅居在外的文化记忆。与跨文化适应理论强调个体进入一种新文化后对新文化环境的适应不同,这种舍近求远的文化再适应,是刻意证明归难侨曾经的旅居身份,还是对曾经熟悉的生活方式的一种延续?返乡文化适应是国际移民大潮下人们经历文化动荡和文化融合过程中出现的新问题,归难侨在国内的文化再适应涉及到心理和物质等多方面,对其的研究具有一定借鉴和参考意义。本文结合中国大陆一些华侨农场的田野调查,参考相关研究理论和成果,试图从中国过去对归难侨的集中安置政策、华侨农场和周边社会的相对隔离、归难侨的自身因素以及地方政府的推动作用等方面探讨这种文化现象的根源。

 

家」在何方:廣東華僑農場緬甸歸僑的家園建構

翟振孝

國立歷史博物館助理研究員

1960年代至1970年代因東南亞國家相繼實施國有化政策及排華運動,致使當地華人經濟基礎與生活遭受嚴重衝擊,於是大規模海外華人再移民回流到「祖國」中國,並在國家集中安置歸僑的規劃下,集體定居於國營華僑農場,構成特定時空背景下「政策性社區」。本文以1960年代由緬甸再遷徙回流到廣東華僑農場的緬甸歸僑為對象,他們離開緬甸僑居「故鄉」,回歸到祖國「原鄉」建立新家園,集體安頓在一個並非父祖輩「老家」的歸僑社區裡,成為家鄉中的「異客」。1970年代末期起中國實施「改革開放」政策,多數僑場裡的緬甸歸僑選擇再遷外至香港、澳門定居,成為港澳地區緬華移民社群的第二波主體。歸僑原是再遷移至「外國」(英、葡),未料兩地分別於1997年及1999年主權移交中國,於是遷外緬華移民又再度「回歸」祖國。對於這群歷經多次遷徙流動生命經驗的緬華移民而言,「家」是什麼?「家」在何方?筆者以廣東華僑農場此一特殊時空脈絡下的人群聚合,探究緬華移民的遷動歷程,其異質且多重的地方情感。


Panel 9: 网络与跨境/Networks and Bordercrossing

 

侨乡慈善与地方发展——以广东顺德为例

Yanchun Jing 景燕春

中山大学

二十世纪九十年代以来,随着全球化进程的深化,跨国移民和人口的全球流动越来越普遍,作为海外华人与祖籍地互动的一种方式,移民慈善日渐进入学术研究的议程。目前这方面的研究往往与发展主义和社会公正等结合在一起,经济欠发达国家移民将在海外积累的财富以慈善捐赠的方式带回家乡,推动着当地民族国家的政治经济及社会发展,同时这一慈善过程也与文化认同、跨国网络建构以及本土政治的交换息息相关。本项研究试图以移民的家乡作为移民慈善研究的起点,以珠三角腹地侨乡广东顺德的境外/海外移民在家乡的公益慈善实践为例来探讨侨乡慈善与当地权力、经济以及本土传统文化之间的关系。本研究将选择顺德大良镇北区居委会作为田野点,对这个社区中的移民及其慈善实践的丰富历史和实践开展民族志研究,探讨海外/境外华人在祖籍地的慈善实践是如何构建跨国华人网络,又如何与地方权力互动,影响当地的经济和社会发展。

 

入境外国人又对俄罗斯经济影响的效应分析

Yi Wang 王祎

清华大学

本文基于俄罗斯联邦统计局以及俄罗斯联邦移民局1995-2014年的入境俄罗斯外国人口数量、分布、类型等面板数据,以及俄罗斯1995-2014年国内生产总值数据,利用计量经济学理论,建立数学模型,利用SPSS软件进行量化相关分析,研究入境俄罗斯的外国人口对俄罗斯国内生产总值是否会产生、并产生多大的正向影响。根据量化分析结论,分析当前现状的原因与影响因素,并根据分析结果,对俄罗斯移民政策和中国侨务政策提出建议与意见。

 

馬華”作為方法──馬來視角下的游離身分塑形

Shi Shiang Teo 張斯翔

國立臺灣大學

本文首先就現今「馬華族群」是否還在離散提出疑問,並對晚近幾種論述進行梳理與對話。同時於討論中以史書美先生的「定居殖民主義」(settlement colonies)與王德威先生的「後遺民」(post-loyalism)概念,來進一步審視馬華族群在二十世紀後半期如何在馬來西亞面對「游離」(Floating)的身分處境。由此論述開始,「游離」的馬華族群作為方法,本文後半部試圖從馬來之眼(Eye of Malay)的視角出發,脫離馬華族群論述自身時常用的「感時憂族」基調,通過解讀五一三及茅草行動,以檢視「馬來西亞華人」作為被「製造」的產物,如何通過國族論述、政治操弄及血緣文化/文字等,被一步步「馬華化」(MaHualised)。最後從語言、宗教、王權三位一體的馬來民族性,來看其自內部製造馬來民族的統合性。相對應的,馬華作為方法,從外部如何堅定了馬來民族的特殊向心力。以此回溯馬華身分如何承繼上世紀定居殖民主義遺緒,游離於當下的國土境內/外。經過數十年的離散論述,馬華族群似乎尚待走出一個自怨自艾的悲情自況,而看清自我身分的形塑所代表的意義,或許未來的研究就能衝破離散的視角,並且反過來利用這點,讓國族走入新的篇章。這是一個研究的開端,也是解決自身身分問題現階段的思考。

 

横向迁移与纵向流动:西班牙的中国新移民

Minghuan Li 李明欢

暨南大学

西班牙是当代中国新移民的主要移居目的国之一。1955年西班牙华人总数仅为132人;20世纪80年代中期增长到大约5000人;而2014年的最新统计数据则显示在西班牙合法登记的华侨华人总数已经猛增到18.6万人。

相关统计数据显示西班牙华侨华人群体具有如下特点:(1)原籍地集中化(总人口当中62%原籍地为浙江省,而浙江省籍移民中65%原籍县为青田);(2)年轻化(总人口当中约53%年龄在20到45岁之间,另有近30%年龄在19岁以下);(3)自营化(自行开业当老板的比例高达华人劳动力人口约47%)。

本研究将追溯当代中国人移民西班牙的动因、路径与发展,描述其基本构成,并通过剖析该群体移民前和移民后社会地位的变化,探讨移民的横向跨国流动如何影响其社会地位的纵向变化。

 

A Look into Chinese Communities and the Chinese Immigrant Second Generation: Through Comparison Between Japan and Australia

Junko Tajima 田嶋淳子

法政大学

This report aims to compare two countries, Japan and Australia, in order to determine their differences regarding the formation of Chinese communities and the issue of education concerning the immigrant second generation.

  Ever since the implementation of the Reform and Opening-up policy in China in 1978, new Chinese communities have been being formed in these two countries. I refer to these communities as Chinese newcomer communities.

  Both Japan and Australia, the focus of this report, restored their respective diplomatic relations with China in 1972. Since the 1980s, both countries have been receiving people from China, a majority of them students. These Chinese newcomers consist mainly of those of middle to high academic backgrounds.

 The social status of the immigrant first generation in their home country and under what qualifications they came to their adopted countries affect adaptation to surroundings by the second generation. This brings about great differences in terms of manifestation of various issues concerning the immigrant second generation in their respective adopted societies. Second-generation immigrants who learn only the language of their adopted society tend to have weak ties with their mother country as well as with their ethnic communities. A study of a Chinese school in Melbourne, Australia, introduced in this report, reveals that the proficiency level of the mother tongue of second-generation immigrants determines their self-identity and the degree of assimilation into their adopted society.

Through various instances and survey results, this study looks into the effects of multicultural policies on second-generation immigrants and the problems arising from the absence of such policies in terms of their outlook for the future.

 

一带一路背景下离岸文化中心与华人移民 ——兼论华人移民作为文化中介在中美的角色差异

Qing Wu 伍庆

广州市社会科学院

全球化的推动下,利用国际文化资源开发国际文化市场的离岸文化生产也逐渐兴起,在内容和形式上兼具跨文化和离岸的特征,在文化交流和文化贸易中发挥着越来越明显的作用。美国作为世界文化的熔炉,已经有好莱坞等城市作为离岸文化中心,开发其他国家文化资源生产文化产品,其中来自不同国家的移民发挥了文化中介的积极作用,兼通不同文化因此可以尽量克服跨文化贸易中的障碍因素进行有效定制或改造。在建设“一带一路”背景下,中国与世界各国的文化交流与合作更加频繁,也需要积极建设离岸文化中心,推动文化走出去。分布在不同国家的华人移民在“一带一路”建设中有着重要意义,作为文化中介可以有效促进离岸文化中心建设。中国和美国分别作为移出国和移入国,在利用国外文化资源的模式上有所不同,由此华人移民作为文化中介,在中国和美国的离岸文化中心中发挥的角色也有很大差异。中国可以发挥海外华侨华人的资源优势,吸引“一带一路”沿线国家的华人移民参与到中国经济与文化全球化的进程中来,将中华文化与当地文化相结合开展各种类型的文化创作,建设中国的离岸文化中心,推动中国与世界各国文化之间的交流与合作。


Panel 10: 海外华人与第二次世界大战, 海外华人与冷战/Chinese Overseas and the Second World War, Overseas Chinese and the Cold War

 

遏制与反遏制——冷战时期中美对东南亚华侨的宣传(1949—1964)

Huanping Zhang 张焕萍

华侨华人历史研究

海外华人作为一支与新中国有密切联系的特殊群体,二战结束后受到美国政策制定者的格外关注。为遏制共产主义势力在东南亚的传播、扶植台湾国民党政权、争取华人心向“自由世界”,美国专门针对海外华人,尤其是东南亚华人展开了声势浩大的心理战与宣传战。直到1960年代前半期,这场宣传活动才随着美国最终将东南亚华侨纳入其对东南亚政策框架日渐式微。而与此同时,新成立的中国政府出于国家安全与华侨利益的双重考量,也不断调整对东南亚华侨的宣传政策。中美两国都试图利用多种传播渠道,将自己的宣传触角延伸到华侨中去。两国在东南亚华侨群体中展开了一场封锁与反封锁、遏制与反遏制的舆论斗争。本试图结合冷战背景,美国对华、对东南亚战略,以及新中国的对外战略,探讨1949-1964年中美对东南亚华侨的宣传策略及宣传手段的异同之处。

 

打造馬來亞論馬來亞製片組的冷戰影像

Hee Wai Siam 许维贤

南洋理工大学

馬來亞製片組是二戰後附屬於英殖民政府的影像機構,前後為英殖民政府和新馬(自治)政府拍攝大量的歷史和地理記錄片,也通過多部宣傳片和劇情片等等的製作和拍攝,配上不同語言和各種華人方言的錄製和解說,在冷戰年代大力灌輸反共意識形態予馬來亞人民,並強制安排在馬來亞各大戲院放映這些影片。

本論文嘗試結合來自英國電影機構、英國國家檔案館、帝國戰爭博物館、大英圖書館和馬來西亞國家影片部有關馬來亞製片組的影片和冷戰檔案,以及1950-60年代的英美電影雜誌和新馬中英報刊對馬來亞製片組的報導,探討冷戰時期的馬來亞新村華人和馬共如何在這些半寫實、半虛構的影像中再現。這些冷戰影像如何影響了1950年代華人對反共政策的配合,以及打造了以馬來亞作為新家園的國族想像?這一切在多大程度上主導了1950年代的馬來亞華人認同?

 

二十世纪新中国外交政策对马来西亚华教发展的研究 (1947-1996)

Zihui Lim 林子慧

暨南大学

二十世纪是马中外交转型的重要阶段。以外交学视之,华教能否依赖中国外交政策为基础在马求存,其过程中必系于三种关系的建构:一、与新兴国家形成的关系,特别是以全民共同规范为基础的社会契约组成某种形式的政府。二、与发展中国家外交的关系,特别是涉及政治独立、国际组织、国际会议、国际条约、国际新秩序等问题。三、与人文社会的关系,特别涉及民族国家、多元族群等社会现实因素。

        本文利用多元启发理论解析马中关系与华教之间多元的变量,分析新中国成立初期笼罩在共产主义国际局势下的马中关系、六十年代中国独立自主发展和马中对抗、六七十年代马中和解与建交、八九十年代国际新秩序和华教稳定期的背景,阐述和诠释两国内外局势发展、领导人问题表征和对手战略考量、非补偿性方案的筛选等因素,对政策方案的产生及各个方案的相对影响力。

        研究结果发现,在文化传统、利益至上和实力对比原则的三大外交行为的驱使下,马来西亚华教必须坦诚接受中国外交战略发展趋势、马中外交实际发生的外交行为和马来西亚政治大环境的制约,坚持独立自主,教材本土化,极力保障自身利益的最大化。此外,研究也勾勒出中国和华侨华人之间的互动过程、政策演变和发展趋势。

 

二戰後印尼對華人的政策:從同化到包容

Hurng Yu Chen 陳鴻瑜

淡江大學

 在東南亞國家中,印尼應是制訂最多排華法令的國家,其排華運動也是最為血腥,受害華人人數也是最多者。當印尼排華後,跟其他國家一樣,其經濟就陷入困境,在蘇哈托統治期間,不得不扶植少數大型華人企業,利用華人企業培養充實經濟實力,又利用群眾運動壓制和馴服華人,對華人採取兩手策略,以鞏固印尼土著的民族主義。在同化政策下,華人逐漸喪失華人特性。隨著後蘇哈托時代的來臨,在民主化大潮流下,印尼開始給予華人在政治、經濟和社會上的平等地位。一個新興獨立的印尼,在經過六十年的內心掙扎後終於給予印尼土著視為異類的華人包容政策。

 

抗战时期北京伪华侨协会”之研究

Yang Lu 路阳

华侨华人历史研究

抗日战争时期,为阻止侨胞对中国抗战的同情和支持,分化瓦解广大海外华侨,在日本占领的华北地区,由华北临时政府授意陈伯藩等人在北京组建了“华侨协会”这一国内华侨团体,其组织活动达数年之久,对中国国内及海外华侨社会也产生一定的影响。目前,抗日战争史和华侨华人研究领域的学者对于北京“华侨协会”的研究几乎处于空白,并没有得到应有的关注。本研究以北京市档案馆和天津市档案馆所藏档案、协会所属《侨声》杂志及同期报刊杂志所载相关内容为基础,对于华侨协会之产生源起、活动概况、宗旨原则、主要人物、组织机构及影响等方面进行较为深入的考察,力图通过“华侨协会”这一特殊国内华侨社团的研究,对于日伪政权的华侨政策、华北临时政府的社团申报管理过程、所联系控制之华侨群体的组成概况、《侨声》杂志之宣传报道策略,北京“华侨协会”对海外华侨社会的破坏及影响等问题加以探讨。

《禺声月刊》的发掘与梳理:抗战时期加拿大的华人文学

Laifong Leung 梁丽芳

阿尔伯塔大学

原籍国发生战争的时候,离散侨民是如何回应的呢?方式有很多种,比如筹款捐献,甚至回去参军。本文的宗旨,是探讨在第二次世界大战时,加拿大华人除了上述的回应方式之外,如何利用文学刊物来体现他们的关切和身份认同, 并对这些尘封已久的刊物进行发掘、梳理、和分析。

作为本文探讨的基础材料,《禺声月刊》乃是温哥华华人社团众多出版物中最为突出的刊物之一,1939年3月由来自番禹县的华人所创,战后1946年停刊。在第一期的封面和封底,有绘图表达中国在日军威胁之下的险境,显示强烈的爱国热诚和国难当头的急迫感。在抗战时期,这本杂志担当了各地华人与侨乡的纽带角色,读者遍及北美、中南美,澳洲、新西兰,甚至毛里求斯,还有广东侨乡、香港和澳门等地,俨然是一份跨国的华文刊物。每期都用蜡笔抄写,有插图,内容有以抗战为题材的班本、粤讴、南音等作品,还有来自战区的抗战日记、特写和家书,把血淋淋的抗战现实记录下来,具有重要的历史与文学价值。作为加拿大华人响应祖国国难而产生的刊物,《禺声月刊》的出现说明了一个事实:原籍国发生灾难的时刻,是离散侨民最团结,与原籍国联系最密切,爱国主义最强烈的时刻。